Poetry Test Notes Flashcard

Poetry Test Notes

Research Paper on Media

Research Paper on Media Media is an important part of our daily lives. One aspect of our lives that media has a major impact on is politics, especially the presidency. The media affects the president from his campaign all the way through his term. The media is vital to helping the president shape his image communicates with the public, and set the agenda. The media is an essential tool in becoming a successful President. When a President interacts with the media he will soon benefit from this interaction. The effects the media has on the President begin when the President is campaigning. The President has a staff that helps the President form an image that is appealing to the voting public. The staff works with the media to communicate the image of the Presidential hopeful to the public. The staff attempts to â€Å" (1) control news coverage by controlling media access, setting the media’s agenda, creating pseudo events; (2) blur the distinction between news and commercials in order to increase the credibility of the commercial’s message; (3) exploit the linguistic categories reflecting criteria for newsworthiness and conventions of news presentations through which journalists view campaigns; (4) insulate the candidate from attack; and (5) enlist the help of journalists in responding to attacks† (Jamieson 229) If the staff uses the media wisely then it can help ensure that the Presidential candidate will have a good image with the public. It is difficult for candidates to travel to every city in the country so the media is the only opportunity the public has to become familiar with the candidates.   The media also sees the campaign for president a s an important news event drawing in an audience of people interested in the elections. In other words, the media and the candidates â€Å"need† each other. (Barber 51) During the campaign process it is vital that candidates have an attitude that is appealing to the public. The campaign period is very short and causes a major obstacle for candidates. It becomes difficult to change the attitudes the public may already have on the candidates. This has caused many candidates to announce they are running earlier than in prior years. (Jamieson 218) The form of media that most people use early in campaigns is newspaper. The candidates must make sure that they are coming off as a credible candidate early in the campaign.(Graber 49) An important tool in conducting a good campaign is capitalizing on past experiences. Candidates often mention their prior successes to ensure the public that they are qualified to be president. (Jamieson 218) Candidates try to convey their â€Å"message† to many different medias. Most candidates try to use one idea or achievement and focus their campaign on that single message. This single message is often condensed into a slogan.(Jamieson 217) By creating a slogan the candidates have made it easier for voters to remember one important fact about the candidate. When voters see that slogan in the media then they will be reminded of what particular candidates stand for and can help them decide who to vote for. The media is an excellent way for candidates to campaign and convey ideas to the public. By using media the candidates can make sure all concerned citizens can become familiar with the candidate. The campaign staff works with the media to help the public decide who the best candidate is. Another important goal of campaigning is to create an image that is appealing to the public. As Jamieson wrote, â€Å"Indeed, major campaign goals are creating a positive, electable image of the candidate, ensuring that the image is communicated consistently through out the campaign, and that it is underscored by news coverage.†(229) The President is the easiest branch of government for the media to create an image for. Congress is difficult to personalize due to its number of members, the Supreme Court is â€Å"aloof† and the bureaucracy is boring. (Dye 302) The presidency gives the media an opportunity to â€Å"dramatize and personalize government.†(Dye 302) The president uses this opportunity to show the media that he is a good candidate for President. The first President to use the media to exhibit his personality to the public was Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt was notorious for his fire-side chats. Roosevelt used these chats to gain support for his progra m ideas.(Dye 300) Today it is common for the President to look to the media as a way to gain support for his ideas and to create an image that is voter friendly. The President soon relies on media to help gain support for any of his ideas.(Dye 308) Candidates must have the right image to be President, and the media helps the candidates create their image. Once a candidate has a certain image it is hard to change that image, making it more important to create a proper image initially. â€Å"In an age of media technology, visibility, and symbolic skills are essential to presidential power. To govern effectively, a president not only must have power resources but must be perceived as powerful.†(Dye 300) The President is a figure of authority and strength. Candidates must show the public that they are strong and powerful people. Candidates are able to use the media to create this image. One example of the media creating a negative image is in the case of Jimmy Carter. Carter was portrayed as â€Å"weak, indecisive, and unable to control people or situation.† (Dye 310) The media was responsible for creating this image for Carter, who was unsuccessful in winning a second term of office. Dye suggests that this image was one reason why Carter was unable to be reelected. The President can use the media to create a positive image. It is important for the President and any candidates to symbolize the idea the public has of the President. The President must not only symbolize power but also â€Å"unity and social stability.†(Dye 308) The writers of the Constitution did not expect the President to become a symbolic figure head of government. However, this is what the President has become to the American public.(Dye 300) The media has become the way the President and any candidates can create the image the voters expect of the President. If the President realizes this opportunity he can use the media to create an image that will help him be elected for a second term. Jamieson wrote, â€Å"voter’s decisions are based more on what they hear on the news than what they see on commercials.†(237) However, commercials can be useful tools in campaigns for the presidency. Candidates usually be gin airing commercials about three months before an election and as election day approaches, the commercials are more frequent.(Jamieson 218) Commercials sometimes take in account that newspapers have more credibility. They do this by â€Å"reprinting and distributing favorable media coverage of the candidate or by reproducing newspaper editorials endorsing the candidate.†(Jamieson 237) Jamieson gives an example of how effective newspaper endorsements. In 1978 the â€Å"Baltimore Sun endorsed Maryland gubernational candidate, Harry Hughes, and salvaged his foundering campaign. Candidates typically translate endorsements by newspapers into paid advertisements by multicopying the endorsement and distributing it as a flier, paying to have it reprinted as a newspaper ad, reading it in a radio ad, or crawling it across the television screen in a commercial.†(226) The candidates can use two forms of media to benefit their campaigns. Commercials can also help manipulate publi c opinion of a candidate. They can do this through slice-of-life commercials. These commercials resemble news clips. This way the candidates are again capitalizing on the notion that newspapers hold more credibility than commercials. â€Å"These commercials walk the viewer through part of the candidate’s day, permitting voters to eavesdrop on exchanges with important people, overhear warm human exchanges with constituents or would-be supporters, and see the candidate with family.† (Jamieson 237) These commercials help form an image of the candidate as a â€Å"people person† and a caring individual. Commercials are another form of media that can help shape a candidate’s campaign and form a positive image for the presidential hopeful. Media attention tends to focus on challengers. According to Shaw this is because â€Å"our governing day-to-day rule is the watchdog theory, which means reporters are most likely to watch those who might be challenging that power.†(907) Even though the incumbent has more power with agenda setting and framing the challenger can have an edge in advertising. The challenger can use events during the current President’s term against him. This is because the challenger wants  to †indict the status quo and pin the blame for the ills of the system on the incumbent, these indictments are most effective when they are visually underscored, consequently, the candidate will tape ads in slum ousing to establish that the incumbent’s promises of change have been unfulfilled. Political ads will also feature testimony from the disenchanted- those who are unhappy at the way in which government is being run.†( Jamieson 219) Commercials can help give presidential challe ngers the same chance at office as the incumbent. As Jamieson wrote â€Å"Political ads must affirm that we can be agents of change, that voting causes change, that politicians in office can make a difference, that problems are solvable. In the process of affirming these premises, political ads reinforce our belief in our political system.†(219) From the start of the campaign commercials and media switch the spotlight between the incumbent and the challenger. Commercials are helpful to both types of candidates. The effect of the media on the President continues after the campaign and elections through the entire term. Even after the media has helped create an image for a President it can continue to help the President through ensuring him public support. As previously stated Franklin D. Roosevelt used the radio to gain suppport for economic programs through his fire-side chats. Another popular way that the President can manipulate public opinion using the media is through pseudo- events. Pseudo events are â€Å"staged events designed for media coverage.†(Jamieson 233) Pseudo- events are evidence that the President realizes the influence of media. By creating pseudo- events the President is able to show the public ways he is benefitting the country. These staged events are good examples that the President and media work together to influence the public’s opinions of the President and government. The media also affects the President through honeymoon periods. The honeymoon period is the period at the beginning of a President’s term including â€Å"high popularity in public opinion polls and positive reports by the mass media.†(Dye 309) Honeymoon periods are very beneficial to the President. It gives newly elected people time to adjust to being in office and gives them room for initial mistakes. This is a perfect example of the media working to benefit the President. The media does not have to give the President this brief honeymoon period but they choose to help the newly elected Presidents. This also emphasizes the idea that the President and the media work together to help each other. The media also set and frame the political agenda of society. By using the media the President can set the opinions and agenda of society. â€Å"Newspapers are the prime movers in organizing the public agenda. They largely set the stage of public concern, But television news is not wholly without influence. It has some short-term impact on the composition of the public agenda. Perhaps the way to decide and contrast these influences is to label the role of the newspaper as agenda-setting and the role of television as spotlighting.†(Graber 48) The media chooses the stories they feel the public should be interested in. This is an effective way for the President to interact with the public and shape their opinions. The President can use the media to focus on issues he feels are important. The newspapers only set the agenda for certain types of issues.(Graber 46) However, the President cannot totally shape public opinion through the media. The media tells the audiences â€Å"what to think about, although not what to think.†(Shaw 903) The public is able to form their own opinions about the issues that are on the top of the agenda. Shaw also believes that the press provides a â€Å"limited and rotating set of public issues, around which the political and social system can engage in dialogue.†(903) Jamieson agrees with Shaw’s view on media and setting the agenda. Jamieson writes, â€Å"the news media does not tell us what to think as much as what to think about.†(232) However, Jamieson does add that the incumbent has more control with agenda setting than a challenger.(232) Agenda setting by the media is very helpful to the President. The President can control what the media discusses by holding press conferences about certain events they feel are of public interest. Whatever events the President has been successful in handling the President can interact with the media to make on the top of the public’s political agendas. Framing is also important function of the media’s agenda setting. Gamson and Modigilani agreed that framing was â€Å"a centralized idea or story line that provides meaning to an unfolding strip of events. The frame suggests what the controversy is about, the essence of the issue†(Scheufele 106) When the media sets the agenda they are picking what events to discuss with the public. With framing the media goes a step further by setting what was important about a certain event. Like agenda setting framing can also be useful for a president. With framing the President is given the opportunity to pick and choose what aspects of events should be stressed as most important. For example, if there is a school shooting an anti-gun President can help the media frame the issue to focus on gun control instead of school security. This benefits the President by forcing the public to look for a solution to gun violence. This gives the President the opportunity to gather support for hi s new gun control bill. With framing the media works with the President to benefit the President while shaping public opinion on certain issues. Dye wrote the media can bring the president directly â€Å"in contact with the masses.†(302) The media and the president work together to influence eachother. (Barber 26) This ability to influence one another begins early in the presidential campaigns. It continues until the end of the term. The media is very beneficial to the President, it can help the President shape his image, set and frame the agenda, and gain support during his term.

Regeneration Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Regeneration Policy - Essay Example Basically the urban spatial planning is provided by the local government and country planning system in order to use it optimum manner (Valler, Wood, & North, 2000). Urban spatial planning is regarded as integration of both the land use and transport planning in order to develop the area economically and socially. Thus spatial planning in urban areas is not a single tool, process and activity and it consists of urban renewal which would already lack in investment with fewer developments (Jessop, 1990). In fact it identifies strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats throughout the particular area and proposes how it can be developed with some distinctive approaches in order to address the desired objective. This report would concentrate on spatial planning in urban areas and would delineate a series of suggestions for the improvement of physical arrangements in existing urban area, thus obviating the need for occupy the strategic resources. The local government's current plan is to efficient use of lands in the urban areas which would goes beyond the traditional system of land use planning and integrate policies and regulations which has been necessitated by sustainable development and sustainable communities. Thus urban spatial planning assumes a very complex dimension against the backdrop of rising uncertainties in the external environment (Jessop, 2002). This report will have a strategic focus on the outcomes related to spatial planning in urban areas perspectives and will outline in good measure the type of accommodation that enhances the land use performance paradigm of the local government, while location, the role of planners and other variables have a very clear impact on the land use planning. A dynamic feature of this aspect of the urban spatial planning is the particular government's ability or inability to add value to existing land capability. Therefore it's the bounden duty of the urban planner to examine and adopt innovative land use techniques to achieve sustainable development including, community welfare and economic and social development (Midttun, 2005). Urban spatial planning can be identified as wider spectrum of activities, processes, tools and decisions which actively impacts on the urban renewal and rehabilitation. Thus it consist set of spatial planning activities along with different actors and agencies which would drive to the sustainable development in the area (Cochrane, 1991). In fact spatial planning in urban areas would not isolate from the public policies as well as it became as an important instrument to identify market failures, minimize the negative externalities and maximizing the positive externalities when providing the public goods and infrastructure facilities to the community.2.1. A regulationist approach in change in regeneration policyA regulationist approach is characterized by a system of rules and regulations that imposes certain constraints on the spatial planning process. For instance the British regulationist approach has many elements from regional planning bodies incorporated into it though the scope and its impact are less known due to the

Resourcing Talent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Resourcing Talent - Essay Example Workforce talent planning is the process to ensure that organization has suitable access to the talent of the organization to ensure future business success. Talent planning through internal sources is preferred because the employees of the organization are equipped with better knowledge about the environment of the organization and consequently, easily fit in the organization. The internal factors that effect talent planning are image of the organization and the job. The good image of the organization can help to attract potential and hard working employees. Managerial actions like goods public relations, rendering public service like building schools, hospitals, roads to develop image and goodwill for the organization. Better payment and working conditions are considered as the characteristics of good image for the job. Promotion carrier development policies can also attract the talented and potential candidates. Labor market and competitors are some of the external factors that have much influence on the talent planning of workforce in the organization. Labor market condition that is supply and demand of skillful and talented employees is of much importance. For example, if supply of talented employee is more than its demand then it is easy for the organization to have best employees for their jobs. Likewise, the workforce talent planning policies of the competitors also affect the policies of the organisations. If the recruitment policies of competitors became successful to attract potential employees then we have to change our policies according to the policies of the competitors. The recruitment and selection of right people for right job is of much importance for the success of the organization. According to the Equality Law, 2010, our organization has the responsibility to monitor the recruitment processes that should not be discriminatory. The equal opportunity policy in the recruitment, selection, training, appraisal,

Saudi Arabia and The United State of America PowerPoint Presentation

Saudi Arabia and The United State of America - PowerPoint Presentation Example In United States the companies are privatized and the government has less control over it. While in Saudi all the economic activates of the country is controlled by the government alone. Obviously the country is a kingdom where in the royals has the say on the functioning of the political activities of the country. Saudi is ruled by King whereas America has election which selects the President of the country. The country has central and federal government and a legal body to govern the nation. America is a democratic country whereas,Saudi Arabia is a monarchy. However, Saudi Arabian GDP is less than America as latter is a country depended on its oil reserve rather than employed nationals. Saudi has a smaller economy than America as latter is a large country. America is a country which can be considered as the melting pot of culture. It has a wide variety of people belonging to various religion, ethnicity race and nationality .American culture encompasses the customs and traditions of the United States, including language, religion, food and the arts. According to (Zimmerman,2013) â€Å"Nearly every region of the world has influenced American culture, as it is a country of immigrants, most notably the English who colonized the country beginning in the early 1600s.†.Contradictory to this, the Saudi Arabian culture is traditionally linked to the Islamic laws and guidance. There is strict prohibition regarding alcohol consumption, pork and rights of women. Saudi Arabia is the most strict nation in the world and it is functioning according the laws of Quran as Prophet Mohammed is from this region. Also the holy pilgrimage happens in Mecca which is a privileged region for Muslims. When we look at the culture of America and Saudi there is a wide gap between them. Saudi can be nowhere compared to America as the former is restricted nation whereas latter is free country with liberal human rights and freedom. Saudi has

Biotechnology Importance and Application

Biotechnology Importance and Application Biotechnology! Biotechnology! Biotechnology!!! Seems like this word has become a buzz word nowadays. You will hear this word from classroom to cafeterias. It can be commonly found in newspapers, magazine, journals and all sorts of media outlets, which include print media to electronic media. People are organizing huge meetings, conferences and workshops on biotechnology, where participants come from different arenas like science, industry, administration, social work etc. As days pass by, it seems like the way our life is heading, biotechnology will become an essential component of our life. The day is not far from reality, that we cannot fathom our life without biotechnology. If, I have to say in simple words it can be said we wake up with biotechnology and we go to bed with biotechnology. The word biotechnology has received its importance and significance in last two decades, which is just unprecedented. Probability and possibilities behind this kind of attention towards biotechnology is due to its unlimited potential to serve and benefit humanity. So far biotechnology has touched our life in all aspects like our food, health and animals. We have also noticed the importance and potential of biotechnology towards the improvement of our environment for a better living along with its capability to meet the need of our depleting energy reserves of fossil fuels, through Bio-fuels as all these things are becoming limited for their availability to ever increasing population. In simple terms our life starts with biotechnologically developed tooth-paste, to driving our car based on biotechnologically developed fuels and we retire for the day with bed-side medicine either to keep us healthy or control chronic disease like diabetes to make our life better. Rationally, biotechnol ogy word has been derived from two simple terms of science i.e., Biology and Technology. If we try to decipher these words, it simply suggests in lay-mans term that it is the technology which is making our life convenient and comfortable with the employment of biological resources. Question still remains, that is Biotechnology such a new branch of science? A real fact is that biotechnology has been in practice even long before the term Biotechnology was itself coined. It is interesting to learn and understand that how and when biotechnology evolved. Biotechnology: What does it mean? The term biotechnology was used for the first time by Karl Erkey, a Hungarian Engineer in 1919. Was it the start of biotechnology, answer is no! Later on biotechnology was defined by different scientists. As per one definition biotechnology is Application of principles of engineering and biological science to create new products from raw materials of biological origin, e.g. vaccines or food. Or in other words it can also be defined as the use of living organism/s or their product/s to modify or improve human health and human environment. Apart from their beneficial applications, biotechnological principles can be used for destruction too, the best example to explain this is bioterrorism. Biotechnology from fiction, myth and reality can be simply understood by watching a movie entitled as Frankstein where, a human known as Frankstein was created by a physician who became a reason for his destruction itself. Biotechnology: A Basic Requirement As we know that the technological application of biological material is considered as biotechnology. If, we want to understand, how does it work? Then it is essential for us to know what is the starting point or material for biotechnology or biotechnological applications. In general biotechnology uses either living material or biological products to create new products for use in various pharmaceutical, medical, agricultural, environmental applications with an ultimate goal to benefit humanity e.g., Production of recombinant proteins, resistant crops, vegetables, higher milk producing animals, etc. Biotechnology and it various stages of development: There are various stages of development of biotechnology to meet the various needs of humans. Its development was basically based on the observations and applications of these observations to practical scenarios. The complexity of system and evolution has increased with time, which is based on the employment of improved technological advancements along with the better understanding about various life-science principles. If we study systemically the evolutions of biotechnology up to its current stages, it can be divided into 3 different stages or categories 1) Ancient Biotechnology, 2) Classical Biotechnology, and 3) Modern Biotechnology. Some important discoveries related to biotechnology has been shown in Fig 1. Ancient Biotechnology (Pre-1800) Most of the developments in ancient period can be grouped as the discoveries or development before the years of 1800. If we study all these development, we can simply conclude that all these inventions are based on the common observation of nature, which could be put to the test for the betterment of human life at that point of time. Food, cloth and shelter are the most important basic needs of a human being whether s/he lived in ancient period or modern period like nowadays. Only thing that has changed is their type and origins. Food has been an inevitable need since the existence of man as well as for the existence of human being. Early man used to eat raw meat, whenever they found a dead animal, However, during harsh weather seasons, there was a paucity of food, so as it is said necessity is the mother of invention, which led to the domestication of food product which in other words can be classified as Agriculture. In ancient time human explored the possibilities to make available food by growing them near their shelter so that the basic need of food could be met. They brought seeds of plants (mostly grains) and sowed them near his shelter, where they understood the importance of water, light and other requirements for optimal growth of food plants. The similar principles and need also led to start domesticat ion of different wild animals which helped them to improve their living condition and now to satisfy their hunger. They need not go for hunting; as animals are available to them at closer proximity as well as they need not to deal with the dangerous condition of hunting, too. Domestication of wild animal was the start of observation, implication and application of animal breeding. Certainly we can say that these were the initial times for the evolution of farming, which led to another need like development of methods for food preservation and storage, where they used cold caves to preserve food for long-term storage as well as evolution for the pots for the storage of food products in the form of leather bags, clay jars, etc. After domestication of food crops and wild animals, man moved on to other new observations like cheese, curd, etc. Certainly, cheese can be considered as one of the first direct product (or by-product) of biotechnology, because it was prepared by adding rennet (an enzyme found in the stomach of calves) to sour milk which is possible only by exposing milk to microbes (although this understanding was not there at that time). Yeast is one of the oldest microbes which have been exploited by humans for their benefit. Yeast has been widely used for bread making, vinegar production and other fermentation processes which include production of alcoholic beverages like whisky, wine and beer. Vinegar has its significant importance because of its low pH, vinegar is capable of preventing growth of certain microbes, and therefore, vinegar can be used successfully for food preservation. The discoveries and benefits of these observations led people to work on further improvement of the process. Ferm entation was such a powerful tool to improve their living conditions, even though they were ignorant about the principle behind it. One of the oldest examples of crossbreeding for the benefit of humans is Mule. Mule is an offspring of male donkey and a female horse. People started using mule for transportation, carrying loads and for farming when there were no tractors and trucks. Mule is easier to obtain than Hinny (offspring of a male horse and a female donkey). Mule and Hinny both have a chromosome number 63 unlike horse (64) and donkey (62). Classical Biotechnology The second phase for the evolution and development of biotechnology can be called as Classical Biotechnology. This phase did exist from 1800 to almost mid of 20th century. During this period various observation started pouring in with scientific evidences, they were all very helpful towards solving the puzzle/s of biotechnology. Each and every contribution from different individuals helped to solve the puzzle and pave the path for new discoveries. The basics for the transfer of genetic information are core to biotechnology. This was for the first time deciphered in plant i.e., Pisum sativum, commonly known as a Pea plant. These observations were deciphered by Gregor John Mendel (1822-1884), an Augustinian Monk. Mendel for the time presented laws of inheritance to the Natural Science Society in Brunn, Austria. Mendel proposed that invisible internal units of information account for observable traits, and that these factors-later called as genes are passed from one generation to the next. But the sad part of the story is that Mendel failed to get the due recognition for his discovery for almost 34 year later than his death, when other scientist like Hugo de Vries, Erich Von Tschermak, and Carl Correns validated Mendels in 1900. The reason why Mendels work remained unnoticed for such a long period of time was, at the same time the Charles Darwins Theory of Evolution was so talked about that it shadowed the significance of work do ne by Mendel. Almost the same time Robert Brown had discovered the nucleus of cells, while in 1868 Fredrich Miescher, a Swiss biologist reported nuclein, a compound that consist of nucleic acid that he extracted from pus cells i.e., White Blood Cells. These two discoveries became the basis of modern molecular biology for the discovery of DNA as genetic material and role of DNA in transfer of genetic information. 1n 1881, Robert Koch, a German physician described the bacterial colonies growing on potato slices (First ever solid medium). Walter Hesse, one of the co- workers in Kochs laboratory discovered agar when he asked her wife what kept the jelly solid even in high temperature of summer. Since then nutrient agar became the most acceptable and useful medium to obtain pure microbial culture as well as for their identification. In 1888, Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried Von Waldeyer-Hartz, a German scientist coined the term Chromosome, which is considered as an organized structure of DNA and protein pres ent in cells or a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Other discoveries during this period were vaccination against small pox and rabies developed by Edward Jenner a British Physician and Louis Pasteur a French Biologist. By this time the development and growth of biological sciences seemed to be reaching to the exponential phase. Principle of genetics in inheritance were redefined by T H Morgan who has shown inheritance and role of chromosome in inheritance using Fruit flies i.e., Drosophila Melanogaster. This landmark work of T H Morgan was named as The theory of the Gene in 1926. Before the publication of Morgans work, in 1909 the term Gene had already been coined by Wilhelm Johannsen (1857-1927), who described gene as carrier of heredity. Johannsen coined terms genotype and phenotype. Genotype was meant to describe the genetic constitution of an organism, while Phenotype was meant to describe actual organism. By this time genetics started gaining it importance, which lead to start of Eugenic Movement in USA in 1924. As a result this in 1924 U.S. Immigration Act was used to restrict the influx of poorly educated immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe on the grounds of their suspected genetic i nferiority. Almost the same time in Britain, Alexander Fleming a physician discovered antibiotics, when he observed that one microorganism can be used to kill other microorganism, a true representation divide and rule policy of humans. Fleming noted that all bacteria (staphylococci) died when a mold was growing in petri-dish. Later he found out penicillin the antibacterial toxin from the mold Penicillium notatum could be used against many infectious diseases. Fleming wrote, When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didnt plan to revolutionise all medicine by discovering the worlds first antibiotic, or bacteria killer. As a matter of fact vaccine and antibiotics turned out to be the best savior of humanity. Can we attribute to these two discoveries for ever increasing population as well ever ageing population of the world? Modern Biotechnology The Second World War became a major impediment in scientific discoveries. After the end of Second World War some very crucial discoveries were reported which paved the path for the modern biotechnology and its current status. In 1953, JD Watson and FHC Crick for the first time cleared the mysteries around DNA as a genetic material by giving a structural model of DNA popularly known as Double Helix Model of DNA, this model was able to explain various phenomenon related to DNA replication and its role in inheritance. Later, Jacob and Monad has given the concept of Operon in 1961, while Kohler and Milestein in 1975 came up with the concept of cytoplasmic hybridization and produced first ever monoclonal antibodies. By this time it seemed like worlds scientific community had almost all the basic tools available to them for their applications along with majority of basic concepts have been elucidated, which has fast forwarded the path for important scientific discoveries. Dr. Hargobind Khorana was able to synthesize the DNA in test tube, while Karl Mullis added value to Khoranas discovery by amplifying DNA in a test-tube thousands time more than the original amount of DNA. Using this technological advancement other scientists were able to insert a foreign DNA into another host and were even able to monitor the transfer of foreign DNA in to next generation. The advent of HIV/AIDS as a deadly disease has helped to improve tremendously various tools employed by life-scientist for discoveries and applications in various aspects of day-to-day life. In the mean time Ian Wilmut an Irish scientist was successful to clone an adult animal using sheep as model and he named the cloned sheep as Dolly. Craig V enter in 2000 was able to sequence Human Genome; the first publically available genome is from JD Watson and Craig Venter, itself. These discoveries have unlimited implications and applications. In 2010, Craig Venter was successful to demonstrate that synthetic genome can replicate autonomously, should that be considered as a new possibility for creating a life in test-tube, which can be planned and designed by a human using pen, pencil, computer and bioinformatics as a tool. Biotechnology has brought humanity to this levels of comfort, the next question is where it will it take us? Biotechnology has both beneficial and destructive potential. It is WE who have to decide that how to use this technology, so it should be there to help humanity rather than destroying it. Legend to Figure Some of the important biotechnology discoveries have been plotted in this graph, with a possibility for its unlimited growth in future.

John Steinbeck’s Short Story, The Chrysanthemums Essay -- Chrysanthemu

Chrysanthemums She was wearing â€Å"a man’s black hat†¦clod-hopper shoes, heavy leather gloves† and â€Å"a big corduroy apron† doing her best to cover up her femininity. In John Steinbeck’s short story, â€Å"The Chrysanthemums†, we are introduced to Elisa Allen. Elisa is living during a period after the Great Depression when women’s rights issues were becoming a topic of public concern. Steinbeck uses the character Elisa Allen to portray the women’s struggle for equality. She is a woman deprived of social, personal and sexual fulfillment in a male-dominated world. Elisa struggles to find satisfaction in her womanhood and a desire to escape from her isolated world. â€Å"She was thirty-five. Her face was eager and mature and handsome†¦her figure looked blocked and heavy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elisa seems to be very masculine in appearance, and envious of the male authority. She has a very strong character and wishes to be independent and free herself. She struggles with the idea of women being inferior to men and feels that she must live up to what society believes a woman should be, passive. Elisa is unhappy and bored with the traditional roles she must play being a woman and frequently tries to behave as a man would. In several points in the story, she seems to take on a masculine role. For instance, when the man looking for work came by the house, she took authority and told him sternly â€Å"I tell you I have nothing like that for you to do†, a typical male response. She shows her strong qualities as she refuses him work making her feel like she has authority over him. Elisa tries so hard to be equal to her husband; she works so h ard in her garden as he works on the farm. He compliments her garden, â€Å"you’ve got a strong new crop coming†, makin... ...es from having masculine characteristics to positive female ones and finally regresses to a low point of weakness and inadequacy. All she ever wanted was to be appreciated and noticed by men at an equal level, however, it never happened. Many women suffered, like Elisa, during this point in history. Steinbeck portrays the women of the past through Elisa’s isolated life in which she can not change. Inside she feels that she is a strong, dominant, female, but she never gets the opportunity to have her accomplishments noticed. After many failed attempts to bring herself to the same level as the men in her life, she sadly realizes that she will never be able to live up to her expectations she has for herself. Life was difficult for women during the 1930’s, however, without their fight for equality, women today wouldn’t have the great freedom and equality they possess.